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Test Code CDOU Cadmium Occupational Exposure, Random, Urine


Specimen Required


Only orderable as part of profile. For more information see:

-CDUOE / Cadmium Occupational Exposure, Random, Urine

-HMUOE / Heavy Metal Occupational Exposure, with Reflex, Random, Urine


Secondary ID

608892

Useful For

Detecting occupational exposure to cadmium in random urine specimens

Method Name

Only orderable as part of profile. For more information see:

-CDUOE / Cadmium Occupational Exposure, Random, Urine

-HMUOE / Heavy Metal Occupational Exposure, with Reflex, Random, Urine

 

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Reporting Name

Cadmium Occupational Exposure

Specimen Type

Urine

Specimen Minimum Volume

1.5 mL

Specimen Stability Information

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Urine Refrigerated (preferred) 28 days
  Ambient  28 days
  Frozen  28 days

Reject Due To

All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.

Clinical Information

The toxicity of cadmium resembles the other heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, and lead) in that it attacks the kidney; renal dysfunction with proteinuria with slow onset (over a period of years) is the typical presentation. Measurable changes in proximal tubule function, such as decreased clearance of para-aminohippuric acid, also occur over a period of years and precede overt renal failure.

 

Breathing the fumes of cadmium vapors leads to nasal epithelial deterioration and pulmonary congestion resembling chronic emphysema.

 

The most common source of cadmium exposure is tobacco smoke, which has been implicated as the primary sources of the metal leading to reproductive toxicity in both males and females.

 

Chronic exposure to cadmium causes accumulated renal damage. The excretion of cadmium is proportional to creatinine except when renal damage has occurred. Renal damage due to cadmium exposure can be detected by increased cadmium excretion relative to creatinine.

 

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandated (Fed Reg 57:42,102-142,463, September 1992) that all monitoring of employees exposed to cadmium in the workplace should be done using the measurement of urine cadmium and creatinine, expressing the results of mcg of cadmium per gram of creatinine.

Reference Values

Only orderable as part of profile. For more information see:

-CDUOE / Cadmium Occupational Exposure, Random, Urine

-HMUOE / Heavy Metal Occupational Exposure, with Reflex, Random, Urine

Interpretation

Cadmium excretion above 3.0 mcg/g creatinine indicates significant exposure to cadmium.

 

Results above 15 mcg/g creatinine are considered indicative of severe exposure

Cautions

Collection of urine specimens through a catheter frequently results in elevated values, because rubber contains trace amounts of cadmium that are extracted as urine passes through the catheter.

Clinical Reference

1. deBurbure C, Buchet JP, Leroyer A, et al: Renal and neurologic effects of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in children: Evidence of early effects and multiple interactions at environmental exposure levels. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:584-590

2. Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, et al: Revised and new reference values for environmental pollutants in urine or blood of children in Germany derived from the German Environmental Survey on Children 2003-2006(GerESIV) Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009;212:637-647

3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Cadmium exposure and control. Updated 9/2/2008. Accessed July 17, 2020. US Department of Labor Available at osha.gov/SLTC/cadmium/evaluation.html

4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Toxicological profile for cadmium. US Department of Health and Human Services. September 2012. Available at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp5.pdf

5. Strathmann FG, Blum LM: Toxic elements. In: Rafai N, Horwath AR., Wittwer CT, eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2018:chap 42

Method Description

Cadmium (Cd) in urine is analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in kinetic energy discrimination (KED) mode using gallium (Ga), rhodium (Rh), and iridium (Ir) as internal standards and a 5% nitric acid salt matrix calibration.(Unpublished Mayo method)

Specimen Retention Time

14 days

Performing Laboratory

Mayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester

Test Classification

This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

LOINC Code Information

Test ID Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
CDOU Cadmium Occupational Exposure 13471-8

 

Result ID Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
608892 Cadmium Occupational Exposure 13471-8